That assumes they are custom products. Reading glasses are often standard off-the-shelf items that you find for sale at places like pharmacies.

They are not literally insects, they are decapod crustaceans, but both crustaceans and insects are both arthropods. Taxonomically, within the phylum of arthropods, there is the subphylum of crustaceans, and within that the class Malacostraca (soft shell), which contains the order decapods, where crabs, lobsters and shrimp are found. Separately, within the phylum of arthropods is subphylum hexapods, within which the class insects exists. Insects and decapod crustaceans are relatively similar, but not the same.

The date was chosen to prevent precisely this situation. Prior to 1276, the law was whatever the king said it was at any moment. The idea of the introduction of the "common law" was to provide a proper legal system with courts and the like. They wanted people to be able to use the new courts to deal with relatively recent disputes, but not ancient ones. They therefore chose the date, the beginning of the reign of Richard I, as the cutoff date (which was 87 years prior). Anything that happened in that time period could be brought before the courts, including "yesterday", but anything older was in "time immemorial", so could not.

It's effectively a form of what we might now regard as a statute of limitations. With the Norman Conquest in 1066, there was a huge upheaval, and obviously lots of formerly important people lost land, rights and property. During the initial period after the conquest, the law was basically a combination of the King's word and what you could get away with. Later, when concepts like property law and courts independent of the King's whim at the time became a thing, they didn't want to have to deal with all these ancient grievances, so set a date, the start of the reign of Richard I, and deemed anything that happened before that to be "time immemorial" and therefore not subject to the legal system. If you can prove you owned something or had a legal right on that date, anything that happened before would not count. The date was set something like 80 years prior, so things in the relatively recent past would still be included, but things like "your great grandfather stole this field from my great grandfather" would not.

>Lowered sea levels had caused England to have more landmass

My understanding is the entire North Sea was basically dry land (Doggerland) during the last ice age, with the Thames joining the Rhine as it flowed down what is now the English Channel to the Atlantic. Apparently fishermen in the North Sea occasionally dig up terrestrial animal bones and the like from time to time.

I pity the fool who faces this woman in court.

For cities that have been inhabited for a long period of time, a lot of it is literally just people dropping litter, or similar. For most of the history of human cities, getting rid of waste was not something anyone really made happen, they just relied on rain to wash stuff away, and for heavier solid waste, it just sat there. If you pulled an old building down to put a new one up in its place, you would clear out the bigger bits of rubble, but a lot would just sit there, or get pushed into the street.

For a while I lived in a city in the UK with a ~1000 year old church. You had to go down four or five steps from modern street level to get to the churchyard. The churchyard and church itself have been in continual use and kept maintained over that period. That land is an example of somewhere in a built up area that has indeed been kept free from junk and debris for 1000 years.

If that's what counts as a "win", then it does not bode well for Russia in the longer term if they do. The best they would get out of that is something like the situation in Northern Ireland, which involved decades of terrorist insurgency type fighting, and was only sort of resolved when the UK agreed to significant concessions of both autonomy and an agreed potential path to a united Ireland. Is Russia prepared to endure that?

Chemically speaking, wood contains mostly carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms. When it is burned, the hydrogen atoms end up as water vapour.

What exactly would a Russian “win” look like? They’ve turned Europe away from dependence on Russian energy exports. They have demonstrated that their military is far inferior to the strength it was perceived to have a year ago. They have made every neighboring country terrified of Russian aggression, prompting significant rearmament of European countries. Even if they destroy Ukraine’s military, they will be left with a huge country of people who hate them who they will have the choice of either trying to occupy in the face of a terrible insurgency campaign for decades, or to withdraw, and basically let Ukraine rebuild itself but with a blood soaked hatred of Russia for generations.

Marx and Engels only ever drink herbal tea. Because proper tea is theft.

Depends if you are assuming the same aircraft with the same total eight, and replacing payload with battery, then the battery would scale linearly. If you are assuming a fixed payload capacity and a longer range, then the near logarithmic growth applies.

>a fully electric range of 200km

Not going to cut it. Broadly the weight of the battery will increase linearly with range. The only way to get a useful range is to make the plane one big flying battery, with no actual passengers.

I talked about this with a guy who worked around power stations, and they do it there in case of high pressure steam leaks.

For external combustion, you want the air as hot as possible. The hot gas temperature after combustion depends on the air temperature and the heat released from the fuel. For the same fuel, hotter inlet air means hotter hot gases, or if you have a fixed target hot gas temperature, less fuel is needed.

Large explosive volcanic eruptions can pump enough particulate matter into the high atmosphere to interrupt weather patterns. One of the largest in recent history, the eruption of Mount Tambora in 1815, for example, caused the "year without summer", and a number of similar eruptions happened earlier in recorded history where we did not, at the time, know the source, but have since discovered the locations. We know from geological evidence, far far larger volcanic eruptions and events have taken place, and an event on such a scale could cause sufficient particulate matter to enter the atmosphere that it could create a period of several years of insufficient sunlight reaching the surface of the earth to massively disrupt ecosystems and create a mass extinction event. There is geological evidence that one such event, in the Deccan Traps of modern day India took place at the right sort of time (on a geological scale) and was large enough that it is a plausible candidate for causing the extinction event that ended the dinosaurs.

The iPhone 6s, that came out at the same time as the Fairphone 2 has been moved to the vintage list, meaning it still has both hardware and software support, but it no longer gets the latest version of upgraded software. It'll probably stay there for a couple more years before being moved to the obsolete list, when support is finally dropped.

The Baird system used spinning discs with holes at progressively different radii so that the as the disc spins, the holes trace curved lines progressively across the image. The disc in the camera and the display have to be synchronised. The system is different from the method that eventually caught on, but the principle of progressively scanning an image line by line absolutely is a feature of the Baird system.

In essence, the population has been largely non-religious for decades, but a lot of people identify as “Christian” for cultural rather than actual religious reasons. The number of people who self identify as belonging to the Church of England who actually go to Church is less than 10%. The main change is that people who lead non-religious lives are now being more honest about it.

Largely because after the Romans left there was a large scale population migration into England, who brought their language, culture and religion with them. In Roman times the population of what is now England were essentially Welsh. Wales and Cornwall and Scotland were the bits the incoming people didn’t reach.

Several sub-national "countries" have teams. The constituent countries of the UK, of the Netherlands, as well as the Faroe Islands all have teams that are eligible for the World Cup, if they qualify.

When you can simply charge an EV from a domestic electricity supply, actually implementing such a tax system is extremely difficult. It is already a challenge preventing people from using untaxed red diesel in road vehicles, making a system that can work for electric cars will be a whole lot harder.

For June, July and August, to help stimulate economic recovery from COVID Germany had a 9 Euro ticket for a month, for all local public transport and all local and regional trains, the same validity as this one.

Inflation is harsh in Germany, it was only 9 EUR in August.

Obsolete in this sense means that they no longer provide routine service support for them. They will still go on working, and you can continue to use them, but if something breaks it means you can no longer take them along to your local Apple store and get them fixed.