It's not that complicated as some make it out to be. You mostly have to just follow the net energy and understand that earth is a globe and rotating around a tilted axis in relation to the sun, which gives rise to a number of seasons on the northern and southern hemisphere the further you are away from the equator.

One more thing. What is temperature?

>At lower temperatures, the molecules have less energy. Therefore, the speeds of the molecules are lower and the distribution has a smaller range. As the temperature of the molecules increases, the distribution flattens out. Because the molecules have greater energy at higher temperature, the molecules are moving faster.https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Kinetics/03%3A_Rate_Laws/3.01%3A_Gas_Phase_Kinetics/3.1.02%3A_Maxwell-Boltzmann_Distributions

Okay so temperature has to do with energy and virtuall all comes from the sun.

Then the main determinant is:How much energy is reaching the surface of which material for how long and how much is radiated back into space. Let's assume the surface is asphalt since > 90% of us are living in cities.

>Water has a very high specific heat. That means it needs to absorb a lot of energy before its temperature changes. Sand and asphalt, on the other hand, have lower specific heats. This means that their temperatures change more quickly.

So asphalt and concrete heat up very fast and release a lot of that heat very fast. Similarly to a desert. In Winter there is just much less heat to begin with and that heat is quickly irradiated away.

Look at this:Google images: https://www.google.com/search?q=energy+net+flow+earth+albedo

This is not enough to create a weather model, but it will make you understand the temperature range of winter vs summer.