Does the amount/strength of muscles also come into play, or is it mainly about their glucose turnover and participation or lack thereof in glucose utilization?

What about hepatic and brain insulin resistance?

Where does glucotoxicity come into all this? Does avoiding glucose spikes alone help alleviate insulin resistance, or do you need utilization specifically?

What happens to pancreatic beta cells when you change your lifestyle and/or take diabetes medication that limits glucose spikes?