• Colonialism and imperialism were significant historical events that had a profound impact on many parts of the world. There were a variety of contemporary reactions to European colonialism in Africa, India, China, and other regions during the 19th and early 20th centuries.

One of the most notable reactions to colonialism was the rise of anti-colonial and nationalist movements. These movements sought to resist and overthrow colonial rule and establish self-government. In Africa, figures such as Mahatma Gandhi in India and Nelson Mandela in South Africa became leaders of anti-colonial movements and fought for independence.

Additionally, many intellectuals, scholars and activists around the world heavily criticized and spoke out against colonialism, they argued that colonialism was unjust and detrimental to the colonized peoples and cultures. They also stated that it was a violation of human rights and they called for the end of colonial rule.

There were also a variety of religious and spiritual leaders who spoke out against colonialism and imperialism, including figures such as Swami Vivekananda and Rabindranath Tagore.

Books that can provide more in-depth information on contemporary reactions to colonialism include:

"The Anti-Colonial Moment in Africa: Metropolitan Anti-Colonialism and the Struggle for the Post-Colonial State" by Crawford Young

"Imperialism: A Study" by J.A. Hobson

"The Scramble for Africa" by Thomas Pakenham

"Indian Nationalism: A History" by John H. Kautsky

These books provide an in-depth look at the various reactions to colonialism, including the rise of anti-colonial and nationalist movements, the views of intellectuals and activists, and the role of religion and spirituality in resistance to colonialism.