There were various sundials (a stick in the ground, the classic "wedge shape". I forget the details, but the sundials had to be calibrated for the location and time of year.

Candles were used quite a bit in various ways. I think there were even some candles made of different materials, so the candle would burn at different rates.

Oil lamps were also used in a similar fashion as candles, although the nail trick wouldn't work. The wick floated on the oil, and the height of the oil was measured to know how much time passed.

Pendulums, without any clock escapement, were used briefly. I think they were imprecise and kind of difficult. IIRC, the distance of the swing was used to measure the time.

Hour glasses are very well known, and quite clever IMO.

The water clock is similar to an hour glass. Water drips from one container into another. The height of water in the second container measures the time. A variation of this is that a float in the second container contains a vertical toothed pole, which turns a geared clock face. A stick on the clock face can be placed to trigger an alarm (knock off a weight wrapped around a spindle, which rings a bell).