It's a mixture of philosophy, psychology, mysticism, literature... And it is a great way of teaching/learning, when one does this the person who asked the question and also answered it, would be hit with a realization which seems to be the truth of that person, the more this realization hits you the more you know/rise into different dimensions of reality/life. It's a blissful experience to have. The teacher's job is to simply ask the right questions (that the student can't ask bcz of lack of clarity) and lead the student to what they want to find.

Ahh yes, I know what you're talking about. It's the best form of answering for the person who has to answer, and the best way to find the answers for the person who asked the question. Now I'm not very good with the terms used for these, I know how they work though. And you aren't wrong, socrates did do this with a bit of difference. Now if you want to know the term used for it I don't know anything about it, but if you're interested in the work process, I'm your guy.

Human beings have the capability of good and evil, that's a better way to put it, how and why they tend to use these capabilities defines them. It's what the religions have tried to say, when you are free of this good and bad, of these differences. That's when you see everything as they are. You become a mirror and by reflecting everything (as they are) inside yourself you know their truth. It's a rather easy concept yet human beings keep struggling to know it.

Asking yourself questions (which would contain a string of questions related to it) and answering them honestly to yourself? If that is what you mean to say, it's called philosophizing, the outcome and methods and all of those things are different for each philosopher. "Everyone has their own pathway to truth." And BTW It's not limited to philosophy either.