Bacteriophage inspiration shines through good job

So there is a lot of research ongoing with neutral interfaces but one obstacle that every experiment is running into is that nobody's brain is the same. Much like fingerprints you can know where a specific feature probably is but the individual pattern of neurons is fully unique. X Input in Y location might make one person taste a roast beef sandwich, another may smell a grape, and a third might have a seizure. Suffice to say any neutral interfaces will need to be individually calibrated for it's user and I don't see broad market experiences using such technology until such implants are universal. I think the system in Ready Player One where you just use advanced haptics and rigs that allow for full movement is far more plausible in our lifetimes.

Turner syndrome is caused by an abnormality in the sperm or egg cell itself hence it occurs naturally in the population. Turner syndrome usually causes infertility but as in the above individuals case it doesn't always cause infertility. A person with turners syndrome is (to what knowledge I have and can find) not significantly more likely to produce abnormal eggs than anyone else.

Everyone has the same genes with very few exceptions. What changes person to person is the allele which is the specific mutation of said common gene.

Here's an analogy. Say you own a blue Honda Civic and your neighbor owns a silver one? Do you have the same type of car?

Of course you do they are both Honda civics they only differ in their paint color. Alleles work the same way. Most variants are only 1-5 bases removed from any other version since greater mutation tends to break the gene outright instead of creating a variant.

Do an example of an actual allele i have blue eyes so I know both copies of the gene that controls it (this is oversimplified but I'm trying to be quick and easy) code to produce very little melanin in my iris.

Someone with brown eyes has the exact same gene controlling their eye color but it is just ever so slightly different and as a result tells the body to produce more melanin resulting in brown eyes.

The human genome project while representing only a few different alleles represents 99.999999999999% of the genes found in the entire human population. As a result you can base a lot of conclusions on it and with the advent of widespread DNA testing we are building libraries of different alleles which will allow for even more targeted medicine going forwards.

Considering most voting is digital these days away (when done in person) the cost to translate the ballot into all standard computer languages is pretty darn low and should be the standard.

The explain to me like I'm 5 explanation is that your epidermis, the outermost layer of your skin, is waterproof and composed of dead cells composed most of keratin. The alcohol would kill your living cells same as the bacteria but since you have a layer of dead cells protecting you it will mostly just irritate the area and dry out your skin.