If they are Bluetooth you should be able to disable it by going into the Bluetooth device and telling the phone it is a speaker or car stereo, etc

Not good. I hope you had an iTunes backup, or you use iCloud backups, because it sounds like your data is fried. iPhones are designed with security and privacy from the very start, your passcode doesn’t just move you past the Lock Screen, it actually encrypts all of your data. That’s why when you’ve just turned on your phone and you put in your passcode the first time everything loads slowly, it’s still decrypting all the data before it can access it. Sounds like you managed to corrupt the data by cancelling the procedure while it was in the middle of encrypting the data with the new passcode. Basically the data on your phone is more than likely unrecoverable.