Just to add a bit of detail to the correct answers already posted:

1. Yes, chemical force is a valid concept. See chemical potential in Wikipedia.

2. Osmotic pressure does not have to involve circulation of solvent, any more than air pressure has to involve flow of air.

3. The explanations are correct. They are not even a simplification.

In France we used to have a yearly dictation competition on prime time television - “the golden dictionaries”. You could tag along at home to see how you compared with the best.

Afterwards, Members of the very serious French academy would explain the obscure grammar rules that had to be followed to get the right answer.

Almost nobody got 100%. Riveting stuff!

I just by halal bovine gelatin off Amazon in one kilo pails for $25. Same amino acid profile. Ridiculously cheaper than the fancy degraded collagen, which is exactly what gelatin is.

Not very helpful. Most gels, pastes and other gloop are non-Newtonian and they do not all behave like peanut butter.

To be precise, it is a yield stress fluid, which means that when pushed a little bit, it acts like a solid, whereas when pushed a lot, it flows like a liquid. The (fuzzily defined) amount of push separating the two states is called the yield stress.

Definitely.

An idea whose time will never come.

Well, it is actually "Dr. Becky's" professional speciality, and she is currently a research fellow at Oxford University, so I think she is worth listening to.

Thank you. I thought I was going nuts. I've never seen a "d" in there before.

It's a crap concept where everyone gets paid loads of money whether they win or lose.

Does that help?

Lucky for him that Reddit did not exist at the time.

Abstract of the article, with a nice diagram of how the process works.

Rest of the article is open access and below the linked abstract.

That's completely different. This system uses magnetic particles that having PFAS-loving coats to remove them from the water.

So what's this "expert"'s agenda, in your opinion?

I noticed that it is "lost" too. Seems "unlikely".

I imagine it eventually melts and does the same thing as rain does: drips onto the ground. Right?

Interesting. Reminds me of the excellent Gerd Gigerenzer's Gut Feelings.

Headline: "Boom in sales of noise-reducing ear buds for the homeless" /s

Still the pipe setup would be a lot cheaper than an NMR with diffusion coils :).

Disappointingly uncontroversial. A few surprises for me, e.g. Knut Hamsun??

Collagen is made from vitamin C? Tell me more!

One of my favorite places. My father-in-law loved to go trout fishing in the river at the bottom of the valley (invisible here).

He died some years ago and his ashes were strewn into the river.

Putting "preference "eye tracking" " into Google Scholar confirms what I thought: many studies of this measurement technique already in the literature.

Have not read this paper, but the main idea is old and well established.

Not OP. Good tips! They should help get me off abebooks.

And what are they?

I feel part of it is making mock of sports in expensive private schools, like the Eton wall game or royal tennis, or even cricket with its 11 ways of getting out. Loads of obscure and completely arbitrary rules.

"The Beak of the Finch: A Story of Evolution in Our Time" by Jonathan Weiner.

Describes how evolution was actually documented occurring. What's more it was among Darwin's finches on the Galapagos islands. A heroic tale of quantitative biology.