HIV is a fast mutator, such that there are new strains faster than they can be discovered - which is why the newer antivirals are of limited import 30 years down the road if medication access continues to be a problem of the gay community. As covid demonstrates, we should beware what other disease a virus with a large linear RNA mutation might bring the world least we get another incurable flesh eating virus. Hence HIV is still a life sentence in that you will forever properly be a pill head for life.

There are many therophosids wich are not tarantulas but are commonly misidentified as such. (Trapdoors, mose spiders, and funnel webs are examples) the ecologocal difference as might pertain to darwinistic theory is geographic distribution, their relative speed, the strength of their venom, and the nature of their exoskeleton.

No, these drugs do not affect digestion in any clinically sigificant way assuming therapeutic serum concentrations. Blood thinners do not "thin" the blood in the way that one would think of it (e.g. they do not cause hemodilution and are not colloid/crystaloid volume expanders like NS, Hartmans solution, or Ringger's lactate, certain lipid emulsions, etc.), but rather posess antiplatelet properties- e.g. they prevent platelets from sticking together usually by inhibiting a clotting factor. The ditary restriction flow from the fact that certain vitamins are chemical precursors to clotting factors- particularly vitamin A and Vitamin K. In fact these vitamins are used to reverse the effects of some blood thinners, such as sodium warfin in cases of poisoning.

Betablockers act on CNS beta receptors and supress the effects of adreniline/epinephrine causing vassodialation and decreased heart rate. However, they have no effect on the production of HCl in the stomach. Most substances cannot be absorbed through the stomach, Ethanol is the rare exception, such that these drugs have no effect on digestion at the level of the stomach.

However, some beta blockers (metoprolol and propranolol were studied) do speed up GI motility (increased parastalsis) in dose-dependent fashion at the level of the esophogus sigmoid colon, but the effects were marginal at therapeutic serum concentrations, and other beta blockers were shown to have opposite effect.

Where the implucation would seem to be that proteins and peptides tend to be fragments of DNA/RNA in the biological context.

Break it down to a chemical equation that demonstrates the difference. C + O2 ----> (1)CO2. Hence we are adding a carbon atom to an O2 molecule, such that the body is emitting carbon bound to O2. In reality when CO2 remains disolved in blood for too long it converts to H2CO3 - carbonic acid. This is why EMS used to give sodium bicarb IV to hypercarbic patients particularly in the setting of cardiac arrest.

Not necessarily: it depends upon the breed. A relatively small chunk of dark chocolate (a square of a hersheys bar) will cause siezures in small breeds, and I can unfortunately testify to first hand experience to this. Chiuauas are particularly vulnerable.

Correct me if im wrong, but antibodies are an immune response to biologicals such as viruses, bacteria, prions, etc. - not a reaction to purely chemical substances built from amino acids like vennom.

Every cell obtains its DNA from either a single parent cell or two parent cells depending upon method of reproduction. Because organs are specialized cell types, it follows that an organ once removed maintains the DNA of the host the organ came from direct virtue- e.g. organ cells are of a specialized type hence only heart cells can reproduce to create heart cells, etc. he plausible exception: the stem cell, but this would take a rather long time and would require that the organ have reproduced every cell composing it at least once, and that assumes that stem cells are plentiful enough as to fashion the kind of counts needed, which apart from neonates, they are not as the rule.

At the cellular level things tend to hapepen rather quickly and on small scale. For example you can have a small amount of bacteria, which are single cells, reproduce rather quickly into massive cell counts, and similarly you have human cells which can reproduce just as quickly in numbers sufficient to mantain tissues and organs. In reality, Human cells are constantly dying with new cells taking their place. This is how, for example, youre able to loose a small amount of blood containing millions of RBCs, without becoming anemic.

Hence, it therefore follows, given the general rule that cellular reproduction = some probability of DNA mutation, that the DNA is constantly changing on the extreme small scale, such that we might not even be able to detect the change due to its small scale, so long as the multicellular organisim is alive. This is why we have RNA and ribosomes - to avoid large mutatuons in DNA.

It depends upon species of animal - not all small animals have good vision, and its not necessarily consistent to phylogenic order and family. For example Aphonopelma sp. and bracypelma sp. Have poor vision, where Atrax sp., Theraphosa sp., Muisuelena sp., and Hognas sp. Have strong accute vision, despite all being members of the same order.

We can only pray and hope that one wipes out menlo CA or Austin Tx.