Not really.

The frequent replacement of sperms cells is “helpful” in a sense to reduce the incidence of chromosome abnormalities like Down syndrome. For women, since they are born with all the eggs in their body, those eggs age with them and with that age it is thought that the chromosomes get kind of “sticky” and can have trouble dividing easily. This is why Down syndrome can be seen more frequently with older moms.

The same is not true to sperm. However, there are risks associated with advanced paternal age and those risks are associate with mutations. For example order dads have a high chance of having a kid with achondroplasia. This is thought to be related to the fact that the sperm of an older man has undergone more cell division leading to more chance of these small mutations.

Yes and no. For the most part, the answer is no. If you get cancer (due to mutated cells) caused by smoking this does not pass to you kids. The cells in your body are somatic cells and the mutations in the DNA of those cells does not get passed on. Your germline cells (sperm and eggs) are different. Potentially though those cells could acquire mutations which would be “pass on” but those cells are generally more protected.

Then there’s also the matter of epigenetics and imprinting. But that’s a long rabbit hole to go down. So the simple answer is no but the more complicated answer is kind of yes.

There are many different types of mutations in the BRCA1 gene. And having the mutation just makes you more susceptible to cancer so even within the same family with same mutation what type of cancer you get can be different since cancer is at its core multifactorial.

I think a better example of this is Achondroplasia caused by a mutation in the FGFR3 gene there are like two very specific mutations that cause almost all of these cases which are usually random and not inherited.

Edit: check out this article about mutation hot spots https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27070266/

All cancer is genetic but not all cancer is hereditary. Essentially all cancer comes from DNA damage which changes the cell to become cancerous.

Many environmental exposures can cause this, and for some individuals they are born with a genetic trait which makes them more susceptible to cancer. At the end of the day even the healthiest person in the world has a chance of cancer and many risk factors are outside of our control. For example all women have a higher risk for breast cancer (~11%) simply because they have more breast tissue than men. Then your risk is further influenced by other things like age of menstrual period, if you ever gave birth, if you have naturally dense or fibrous breasts, etc etc.

Like the other commenter said, if you have no family history that’s definitely a good thing, but nobody has “nothing to worry about” when it comes to cancer. That’s why regardless of family history or lifestyle, If you’re a woman you need to get annual breast exams when you reach a certain age, all men need prostate screening eventually, and everyone needs a colonoscopy eventually. These are all screenings for common cancers which can occur in anyone.

Probably something totally new. I think the transplant process can mess with the heart beat and how it responds to things like exercise. The recipients lifestyle I’m sure would change how the heart beats. Also the anatomy of the heart changes how it beats so like if the donor had a condition like Long QT then i would think the recipient will have Long QT since that condition is caused by abnormality in the ion channels of the heart which is usually the result of a genetic change in the donor.