Insurance is risk protection. To use the example of a car, the risks including crashes, being stolen, and having a tree fall on it. You pay some money each month (your premium) and in return if one of the risks happens the company pays you. You are betting against yourself and the insurance company is taking the other side of that bet. Your rates going up is a sign that there is greater risk associated with you now. It could be additional cars, younger drivers with access to the car, or a history of accidents. Any of these things creates an additional likelihood of a risk happening, and the higher premium is a reflection of that greater risk.

Pretty much. But judges generally will stop at 10-7 because otherwise the fight becomes absolutely unwinnable for the other side.

Depth and quantity of water. Relative to a trough or bucket, a lake is huge. If it's cold enough to freeze a lake down 18 inches, a 12-in tall bucket will freeze solid, while the 20 ft deep lake will not.

Boxing is scored by the 10 must system. In a typical round, a judge gives whoever they think won the round 10 points and the loser gets nine. If somebody gets knocked down, then it is generally 10-8 against them. Every once in a while you will have 10-7 rounds, but you have to be truly awful to get that score.

Before time zones, there was local time. Essentially, whenever the sun at its highest point in the sky is noon. This was particularly difficult for rail travel, because a town that is a few dozen miles away has a slightly different local time, and you can't set a train schedule unless everyone agrees what time is when. Trains also move fast enough that you can notice time zones. Horse and foot travel are too slow for this. The other big thing was the telegraph. With telegraphs, you can now communicate with people who are clearly experiencing a different time.