Nothing biological processes on a 'clock'. The closest thing we have is our heart, which is a terrible clock. It also doesn't stop everything else the instant it stutters (it takes a little while), which is a good thing for our survival.

Human eyes see the world through light, color, and sometimes motion. It's our brains that are adding most of the 'motion' that we see on a screen, and our brain is what limits/acknowledges the effects of different FPS. Because our brains are both good at ignoring details and can be trained, different FPS's work for different purposes.

'Cinematic' 24 FPS works in movies because we have been trained to accept it, but if we are controlling something on the screen we are more focused and we can notice differences easier. Comparisons are also easy to see the differences, because we are focusing on them.

(Also, an occasional cinematic trick is to have different FPS things on screen at once. It usually adds to the Uncanny effect, because the screen is doing something against what we were trained to expect)