Phone chargers already convey more than just electricity. Any 'smart charger' or similar will include some data exchange through the cable, so that the charger can actively change its voltage rates in a way that the phone's battery and programming can take advantage of.

The construction of a cable has enough room for a small chip to interact with what it plugs in to. If Apple wants to make their cords proprietary and not just the charger, then they can include a small chip that adds a small amount of data to the interaction. Then the programming of the phone can change how it takes advantage of the charger based on the existence (or lack) of this extra data.

A similar practice happens with ink and toner cartridges. Off brand cartridges can be rejected by a printer's programming, even though the only difference are the chips and wiring that interacts with the printer to tell it "on brand cartridge" or not.

Migraines are caused by something happening inside the brain; the exact cause is still being researched. But the fact that it is inside the brain (an organ without any direct pain sensors) means that the pain caused by the migraine is not directly sensed in the location of the cause.

It also means that the side effects of a migraine are much more than just pain. Scintillating scotomas, tingling in limbs not explained by it 'falling asleep', nausea, emotional and mental confusion, sensitivity to sounds or scents or lights, these are all common enough. And for some migraines, the side effects are more hindering than the pain.

If you have a killer headache and no other symptoms, you have a killer headache. There's a chance it's a migraine (the chance is greater because it's on one side of your head edit: the fading of the pain in a few hours to a day are also a migraine symptom), but it can be any number of things; consult a doctor for advice. Now, if you have (or had in the last 12 hours) one or more of the other symptoms (the exact ones are different person to person and migraine to migraine) it's probably a migraine and you can treat it with that assumption (migraine pills are a combination of other OTC pain medications).

TLDR: migraines are a headache plus a bunch of side effects, while a headache is just pain that feels like it is coming from your head.

Nothing biological processes on a 'clock'. The closest thing we have is our heart, which is a terrible clock. It also doesn't stop everything else the instant it stutters (it takes a little while), which is a good thing for our survival.

Human eyes see the world through light, color, and sometimes motion. It's our brains that are adding most of the 'motion' that we see on a screen, and our brain is what limits/acknowledges the effects of different FPS. Because our brains are both good at ignoring details and can be trained, different FPS's work for different purposes.

'Cinematic' 24 FPS works in movies because we have been trained to accept it, but if we are controlling something on the screen we are more focused and we can notice differences easier. Comparisons are also easy to see the differences, because we are focusing on them.

(Also, an occasional cinematic trick is to have different FPS things on screen at once. It usually adds to the Uncanny effect, because the screen is doing something against what we were trained to expect)