https://www.historyandheadlines.com/october-30-1942-the-real-story-of-u-571-history-vs-hollywood/

U571. The US were not involved with the capture of an Enigma machine before the war ended.

This is why some dashcams now come with super capacitors vs lithium cells. No degradation of performance over time/temp and they charge near instantaneously.

It's usually the worst case scenario with the plastic bottle in full sunlight, not relevant here or in most cases.

The liquid? Forever. The worry is the bottle, or, if it has a pump, possible rust issues with the spring or one way valve. Visually inspect for corrosion, if no, you're good. Then give it a sniff, still strong alcohol? Good. If it still burns vigorously, it's at least 50% and you're still pretty good. Expiry dates are largely ass covering and sales tactics.

They do, hard working ones too, for all that swimming.

It's a whole separate life cycle linked, but independent. They're constantly dividing like bacteria (but in a way that's initiated by the parent cell) and fusing together. Over time, damaged mitochondria accumulate and are selectively degraded.

They (still) have their own DNA, their own DNA replication, repair, transcription and translational machinery to make proteins. Interestingly, the proteins they make start with the same amino acid that bacterial ones do, so, if you get an injury that releases a lot of mitochondria into your circulation, your immune system recognises it as an infection. This can kill you.

Yes, it is. All the zygote mitochondria are maternally derived an have their own DNA. The fathers are selectively degraded.

Over millennia, genes have been moving from the mitochondria to the nuclear DNA, there are only 13 protein coding genes left in the mitochondrial genome now vs 30,000 ish in the nucleus.

The nucleus is a safer place for DNA, protected and with more advanced repair mechanisms, so its advantageous to have the genes drift over. The original pre-mitochondrial microbe didn't have a nucleus, and it doesn't matter so much with single celled organisms.

Mitochondria have their own chromosomes, tens to thousands of copies per cell. Your mother's egg cell had its own mitochondria with its own DNA. That's what all your mitochondria have now. Somehow, the mitochondria from sperm are specifically targeted and eliminated. We're still working on that mechanism.

Mitochondria likely started as free-living bacteria with thousands of genes on its own chromosomal DNA. This was engulfed by an early proto-eukaryote. This was a long time ago, but the arrangement was advantageous. Over time, genes have moved from the bacterial genome to the host nuclear genome. Now, the mitochondria only have 13 protein-coding genes left out of thousands.

Why? is the interesting question. One answer is that storing DNA in a specialized nucleus with much more sophisticated repair machinery keeps those genes in good order. A bit like keeping the plans in an office and not down on the shop floor with all the dangerous machinery.

There are organisms which have already transferred the whole mitochondrial DNA to the nucleus.