Comments
[deleted] t1_ir9hbqx wrote
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HollandJim t1_ir9if8p wrote
I thought mitochondrial DNA was something we had already, passed down through our mothers. That’s (in theory) how the idea of “Mitochondrial Eve” came about.
Antique-Painting-627 t1_ir9ipu7 wrote
We already have mitochondrial DNA... But it is confined to the mitochondria. This says that the mitochondrial DNA is moving into the nucleus
Jaded_Prompt_15 t1_ir9jygq wrote
> This says that the mitochondrial DNA is moving into the nucleus
It also says that might be causing cancer...
>In some cases, the insertion of mtDNA contributes to the development of cancer. “Our nuclear genetic code is breaking and being repaired all the time,” said Chinnery. “Mitochondrial DNA appears to act almost like a band-aid, a sticking plaster to help the nuclear genetic code repair itself. And sometimes this works, but on rare occasions if might make things worse or even trigger the development of tumors.”
I feel like they buried the lede there
DarbyBartholomew t1_irag87k wrote
Am I wrong to interpret that as "some of the time this reduces your chances of getting cancer but on rare occasions it increases it instead"? So might cause cancer, might prevent cancer?
ScoobyDeezy t1_irat42a wrote
DNA editing is a crap shoot. Good mutations survive and get passed on, bad mutations die.
It’s a tale as old as time.
verasev t1_irb81fa wrote
Even then, some genes offer both benefits and negatives. It might be better to stop categorizing mutations as good or bad and just examine whether they're useful for a given context.
Technic235 t1_irdc32g wrote
The only questions that matters is can I survive and can I reproduce? If both are yes, then the mutation is an evolutionary win.
verasev t1_irdcmas wrote
By survive, you mean survive long enough to reproduce. Nature doesn't reward long life, it rewards reproduction. Life is just an entropic process. It's all the things that come as side effects that matter to humans. I read a book that argued destroying our consciousness would be an evolutionary boon. Made me think that at a certain point you have to choose between quality of life or evolutionary fitness.
Technic235 t1_irdetao wrote
Ya, you're right about surviving. This next part is my personal view of evolution. I have begun to think that biological evolution is only the first step of evolution. Social bonds is the 2nd step in that knowledge gained through lifetimes can be passed down through generations through culture rather than just hard-coding behaviors into our DNA. To get from step 1 to step 2 takes the longest but each step is exponentially faster to progress. Step 3 is technology that emerges as a natural consequence of culture and generational knowledge. Step 4??? Maybe it's AI? Step 5??? Maybe it's revisiting step 1 and editing our own genes. Like I said, I expect each step to be faster than the previous.
verasev t1_irdfdb1 wrote
I imagine the line between mechanical and biological will also blur and you'll have organic robots. So it could be both AI and gene editing. I've contributed to culture through raising a step-son but I'm a dead-end biological reproduction-wise. And I'm here on the internet, scribbling in the margins of human culture's great big electronic record book. Who knows what parts of me will persist? Probably nothing significant.
salablesaturnine t1_irdhz8r wrote
I've thought along similar lines. There are multiple levels of "intelligence", each building upon the last and characterized by a new, faster, and more efficient way to process and store information about how best to live.
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- Dumb matter
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- Life - stores information about how best to live as DNA; updates it via evolution; passes it down via reproduction
- 2a. Life with isolated brains - stores information about how best to live as synaptic weights; updates it via thinking; no ability for thoughts to be passed down
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- Brain that can speak - stores information about how best to live via often-retold stories; updates it via making up new stories or modifying existing ones; knowledge is passed down by retelling stories to children - the genesis of family
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- Brain that can write - stores information about how best to live as persistent symbols applied to physical objects; updates it via publishing new works or modifying existing ones; knowledge is passed down by duplicating these works - the genesis of society
- 4a. Brain that can write very efficiently - printing press, radio, telephone, television, the computer, the internet - we are here
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- ??? - anything that makes updating memory faster, particularly if it allows also updating lower levels (e.g. humans currently find it much easier to update their memories than to update their DNA)
salablesaturnine t1_irdgddc wrote
> I read a book that argued destroying our consciousness would be an evolutionary boon.
[Blindsight](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blindsight_(Watts_novel))?
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rephaim_ t1_irb8a8t wrote
Bad mutations that aren't known, aren't cared about, or don't present until after children are reared get passed on. That's why we still have known bad mutations on top of the garden variety natural mutations.
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Olorin_in_the_West t1_ird5enr wrote
If our genetic codes are breaking, why don’t they just fill the gaps with frog dna?
f_d t1_irbzok9 wrote
Anything that tampers with the genome has the potential to contribute to cancer. It's not that shocking.
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KnightCreed13 t1_ir9ixzc wrote
Well why tf is it doing that?
Darkhorseman81 t1_ir9o901 wrote
Some Viruses want to avengers assemble. Ask cytoskeletal ARC why. It's responsible for the efficiency of human long term memory, but started as an ancient aids like virus.
I'm sure there are many other examples.
You can reverse amnesia by stimulating arc protein expression. Chems like Withanolides stimulate it.
catty_big t1_iravqab wrote
Amnesia, of course! I knew there was something I wanted to try to reverse. Now if only I could remember what that thing was I wanted to try to reverse.
mrsmoose123 t1_ir9pw82 wrote
This so cool! How plants work as medicine in our bodies seems to be getting a better evidence base.
How are we able to find things like this out? I'm aware genetic sequencing is involved, but it baffles me how we know which proteins do what.
danielravennest t1_ir9ws4q wrote
> it baffles me how we know which proteins do what.
Mice have 85% of the same DNA as we do. So-called "knockout mice" have bits of DNA removed, then they see what problem removing it causes.
The other approach is finding an antigen that blocks the particular protein, then see what happens.
BiggWigg92 t1_irc2721 wrote
Can ypu elaborate on that or share a good source to read up on that please?
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Lvl100Glurak t1_ir9zgds wrote
so mitochondria are weak creatures and they know. so instead of becoming strong themselves, they offered help to strong creatures. this seemed very kind, but in reality they're playing the long game and soon they overtake those strong creatures, as the strong creatures are 100% dependent on the ATP mitochondria produce. they're like the hidden elite in our bodies.
adamtheskill t1_irayald wrote
Probably just because it's possible, it's not like the dna has a goal. It's just pure chance and if any changes increase the chance of dna getting passed on they will persist. It's not like a higher chance of getting cancer in old age has any effect on how many children a person has on average.
rephaim_ t1_irb9cdk wrote
Getting into more genomes is an endgame. There are viruses fossilized in our genomes, it's good for the virus because it's dna gets passed on with no additional work, and it's good for the host because that virus won't trigger immune responses since it's now recognized as part of the host.
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HollandJim t1_ir9iuqi wrote
Ah, okay - my last science class was in the late 1970s, so at least I learned a new thing today!
Thanks!
ctothel t1_ir9kdyg wrote
To be clear, mitochondria were once separate organisms, which had evolved to process oxygen for their energy.
Our single-called ancestors probably got energy from hydrogen, or from fermentation, but one of them engulfed a mitochondria (actually, an ancestor of what we call mitochondria) and was then able to use the energy produced by it.
When that cell divided, the mitochondria divided too, going along for the ride. This line of symbiotic cells was very successful, and is the ancestor of all plants and animals.
The exact same thing happened on a sub branch of this line, but with the cell also incorporating a kind of photosynthetic bacteria we now call chloroplasts. This sub branch evolved into plants.
Both chloroplasts and mitochondria have their own separate DNA that has nothing to do with ours. They are literally separate organisms that make up part of our cells.
Rheytos t1_ir9q7h3 wrote
Every time man. It gives me the thrills how wonderfully complicated nature is. Truly marvelous
peolorat t1_ir9ocg7 wrote
Didn't know this, my mind is currently blown. I though that somewhere in one of our chromosomes there was the genetic sequences for all the proteins that make up a mitochondria as well.
So what happens if we introduce chloroplasts into an animal? Did anyone try?
ctothel t1_ir9qqki wrote
Mind blowing is the appropriate response!
I’m not sure if anybody has tried what you’re suggesting. It would probably just be broken down though, unless there was some technique nobody knows about.
Guciguciguciguci t1_irazq3p wrote
It will be the first animal that doesn’t have to eat!!
If humans could stand in the sun three times a day and then be like: ah, that was delicious. Now back to work.
UmdieEcke2 t1_irhk0hp wrote
Sure, although you would probably have to sunbath around 300 hours per day to cover your energy needs.
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Darkhorseman81 t1_ir9oent wrote
H2S hydrogen and sulphur. It's why H2S is still such an important epigenetic signalling molecule.
Alternative-Flan2869 t1_ir9nm0l wrote
Is the euglena the crossroad point of plant/animal separation/ evolution?
ctothel t1_ir9pzms wrote
It doesn’t really make sense to look at a species that’s alive today and think of it as the last common ancestor of two branches, because that species has been changing as well (even if not very much).
Plus, given we don’t have chloroplasts but the Euglena does, it might be safe to assume it split off the branch that would eventually form plants after we did. Unless we once had chloroplasts but got rid of them, but I haven’t heard that theory.
But it seems as though the Euglena split off quite early, yes.
kongx8 t1_irevs0g wrote
It is thought that euglena split off from the plant/green algae line before the development chloroplasts from captured Cyanobacteria. It likely that Euglena’s ancestors received their chloroplasts from engulfing an eukaryotic green algae. Over time, the engulfed algae was reduced to a chloroplast and a nucleus, thus serving a similar function to the original chloroplasts.
travelling-through t1_irc1bb7 wrote
so what does this change mean for us? do we have an idea?
by we I mean any human anywhere who is qualified to have an educated guess
ctothel t1_irdn77l wrote
If I understand your question, mitochondria are probably responsible for us existing at all. The partnership between our cells and theirs granted the energy required to become multi-cellular, and to start increasing the size of the genome.
It takes energy to copy a gene, and more genes require more energy. Oxygen is much more efficient energy source for cells than the alternatives.
There’s also a theory that having a separate set of genes that handled energy means the host cell didn’t need to worry about that bit, which allowed both us and our “powerhouse” to adapt more quickly and effectively to our environment.
travelling-through t1_irdrbz4 wrote
I was mislead by the title. I thought the mitochondria is now working its way in to nuclear DNA and it didn't do that before, so thats why I was asking about how this will affect us
Now I had time to read the full article and I get it.
Thanks for trying to answer though.
ctothel t1_irdrli5 wrote
Oh I see! I thought you meant the change that came from the original incorporation of mitochondria. Makes sense now :-)
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ClarkFable t1_iraw6hc wrote
but that mitochondrial DNA is printed from some subset of the 46 chromosomes as everything else, so what's the distinction? i.e., humans start as a zygote, not a zygote + some mitochondrial DNA, right?
kanated t1_ircm4po wrote
>that mitochondrial DNA is printed from some subset of the 46 chromosomes
It's not.
Don't think of mitochondria as just another organelle. Think of them as something similar to a parasite that lives inside your cells, except it's beneficial.
They have their own DNA, they reproduce independently. They aren't formed in the zygote, they already come inside the egg. They spread from mother to child this way for billions of years. Each time a cell divides, some of them go along.
ClarkFable t1_ircrpgd wrote
Thanks! TIL.
rintryp t1_irb6e17 wrote
Actually the mitochondria are a given from the mother, so the egg already has mitochondria whereas semen only brings in some nucleus DNA but no mitochondria.
Arcal t1_irbmw53 wrote
Mitochondria have their own chromosomes, tens to thousands of copies per cell. Your mother's egg cell had its own mitochondria with its own DNA. That's what all your mitochondria have now. Somehow, the mitochondria from sperm are specifically targeted and eliminated. We're still working on that mechanism.
TheGreat_War_Machine t1_irchier wrote
Sperm don't have mitochondria in the first place, do they not?
Arcal t1_irckqk1 wrote
They do, hard working ones too, for all that swimming.
BigUptokes t1_irbpdnu wrote
Okay, I’m no scientist - what does this actually mean?
Dragonmodus t1_ir9iqdb wrote
This mitochondrial DNA is -in- the mitochondria, we have two sets of DNA. That DNA is being copied (moved?) to the nucleus for some reason.
Sonic_Sugar t1_ir9jcyk wrote
I am also not a scientist, but my understanding of the read was that mtDNA is being inserted to repair DNA. I don’t understand all the jargon and processes, though, and this week I don’t have the time to deep dive into it as I would like to.
Arcal t1_irbn62p wrote
The nucleus is a safer place for DNA, protected and with more advanced repair mechanisms, so its advantageous to have the genes drift over. The original pre-mitochondrial microbe didn't have a nucleus, and it doesn't matter so much with single celled organisms.
DarthDannyBoy t1_iraa6bf wrote
We do. In the mitochondria.
SpaceProphetDogon t1_ircp55s wrote
It's also how the idea of "Parasite Eve" came out.
Nicodolivet t1_irboalp wrote
And mRNA can be integrated to human DNA.
TheGreat_War_Machine t1_irchvpc wrote
mRNA is created using DNA, so it doesn't make sense for mRNA to be integrated into DNA. Not to mention the fact that it is impossible, because both use different nucleotides.
Explicit_Tech t1_ircj43m wrote
Only with reverse transcriptase.
thenaterator t1_ir9tcru wrote
Scientist here. As usual the press release (at least the headline) is misleading, and invokes a lot in the imagination of readers.
You have 2 places where DNA are stored, and they are for all practical purposes, completely different. (1) In the nucleus of all of your cells. This is, in a sense, YOUR DNA. It encodes all the stuff that makes you. (2) In the mitochondria of all of your cells (often called "the powerhouse of the cell). It encodes all the stuff the mitochondria needs to generate "power."
All organisms we call "Eukaryotes" have these 2 stores. That's because (we think), Eukaryotes came into being when two different types of organisms fused together into one symbiotic organism. Hence the 2 different stores of DNA. Each store is descended from those ancestral organisms.
We already know that DNA can be transferred from the mitochondria to the nuclear store. In principle it's similar to how DNA can be shared across species (called "Horizontal Gene Transfer").
This paper? It describes these DNA transfer events in 66,083 human genomes, and speculates on the downstream effects of those transfers.
It isn't something just happening to humans.
rosellem t1_ir9yl6g wrote
How is the headline misleading?
I mean, it's not the full story, but you can never get the full story from a headline. If you just read the headline, yeah a lot will be left to the imagination, but then, your ignorance is no ones fault but your own.
A headline that leaves out important details is not misleading, it's just a normal headline. The details are in the article.
HollandJim t1_iraiym8 wrote
Only goes to show what passes for a “normal” headline these days. I’d say the headline misdirects the reader with an vague inference, and it’s up to them to run through the article to straighten themselves out (if they can understand the details). The tone of the headline itself is almost worrying if you have no idea what they’re suggesting.
rosellem t1_irajfam wrote
>it’s up to them to run through the article to straighten themselves out
Yes! You need to read articles to not be ignorant. That's the way it has always worked. That's not something that happens "these days".
HollandJim t1_irdcfyf wrote
I would rather not panic people into reading an article - I’d prefer to encourage them instead of generating a fight-or-flight response. That’s my point.
LordAlveric t1_irdgmvc wrote
I like my headlines to be accurate and factual. The headline for this article is click bait, clearly aimed at the uninformed. I almost ignored it myself, because cross transfer of this nature is hardly anything new. But the headline makes it seem as though this is something novel, which is intellectually dishonest.
Of course, only a fool would expect honesty in a headline, and in today's cyberworld that is driven by clicks and eyeballs, it is tough for the publishers to resist the temptation.
rosellem t1_ire8tcc wrote
>I like my headlines to be accurate and factual.
What part of this headline is inaccurate or untruthful?
>But the headline makes it seem as though this is something novel, which is intellectually dishonest.
Where? how? The headline is a simple, factual statement.
The only thing that implies it is "new", is that they are writing a story about it. The headline is very simple and implies nothing. If you read this headline and make the assumption it is "novel", that is your fault. You should not make that assumption. You can't make assumption's when reading headlines.
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GypsyV3nom t1_irb6pi4 wrote
It also happens more in obligate aerobes who need those mitochondria for respiration. Facultative anerobes (like most yeasts) have some pretty chunky mitochondrial DNA, especially compared to the highly slimmed-down versions found in mammals.
thenaterator t1_irdaqav wrote
Neat!
HollandJim t1_irdcmhq wrote
I neglected to say thank you for that detailed response. Looking back now, I think I learned more about “Eve” from Time magazine and Battlestar Galactica than in university in the day.
thenaterator t1_irdohzx wrote
Glad it was helpful!
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[deleted] t1_irap94n wrote
So we might have some feature of bacteria in the future
ClarkFable t1_irawgyb wrote
How is mitochondrial DNA stored separately if all humans start as a zygote? It's not a zygote + some mitochondrion, is it?
Arcal t1_irbninw wrote
Yes, it is. All the zygote mitochondria are maternally derived an have their own DNA. The fathers are selectively degraded.
Over millennia, genes have been moving from the mitochondria to the nuclear DNA, there are only 13 protein coding genes left in the mitochondrial genome now vs 30,000 ish in the nucleus.
ClarkFable t1_ircrn78 wrote
TIL. Thanks
DanielNoWrite t1_irazl1u wrote
It's passed along with the human dna, primarily in the egg, meaning it's inherited maternally (though I believe there are some exceptions to this).
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Arcal t1_irbm3nf wrote
Mitochondria likely started as free-living bacteria with thousands of genes on its own chromosomal DNA. This was engulfed by an early proto-eukaryote. This was a long time ago, but the arrangement was advantageous. Over time, genes have moved from the bacterial genome to the host nuclear genome. Now, the mitochondria only have 13 protein-coding genes left out of thousands.
Why? is the interesting question. One answer is that storing DNA in a specialized nucleus with much more sophisticated repair machinery keeps those genes in good order. A bit like keeping the plans in an office and not down on the shop floor with all the dangerous machinery.
There are organisms which have already transferred the whole mitochondrial DNA to the nucleus.
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Seeker0fTruth t1_ir9npkh wrote
I do have a biology degree, but it's been ten years since I've used it, but some of you want a tl;Dr, so here goes.
A long time ago, the ancestors of Multicellular organisms ate a small bacteria-like thing. For whatever reason, this bacteria like thing didn't die, and instead survived and reproduced. Multicellular organisms got a pretty sweet deal out of this; if we provided these little guys with sugar, they would do the hard work of turning the sugar in the energy. They'd keep a little for themselves to keep the lights on, and give the rest of the energy to us.
This relationship has continued for a long time. And while our mitochondria have their own DNA (you often find people talking about 'mDNA' - that's the mitochondria's DNA), our DNA has been slowly taking over mitochondrial functions probably since our ancestors first ate them - that's what this paper is telling us.
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c0224v2609 t1_ircod39 wrote
Thanks for clarifying!
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Jaded_Prompt_15 t1_ir9k0ei wrote
Something more important they barely touch on:
>In some cases, the insertion of mtDNA contributes to the development of cancer. “Our nuclear genetic code is breaking and being repaired all the time,” said Chinnery. “Mitochondrial DNA appears to act almost like a band-aid, a sticking plaster to help the nuclear genetic code repair itself. And sometimes this works, but on rare occasions if might make things worse or even trigger the development of tumors.”
alex20_202020 t1_ir9vlid wrote
> a sticking plaster to help the nuclear genetic code repair itself.
That is indeed important. When it's working its way info nucleus?
the1ine t1_irb6go9 wrote
I think they barely touch on it because it's not important. You don't work in cell biology without 'sometimes... cancer!' being the norm.
This does not change the findings, or their importance. We already knew cancer happens.
molrose96 OP t1_ir9fdin wrote
Here's a link to the paper: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05288-7
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shindleria t1_ir9o4sp wrote
Mt genes have been doing this for billions of years to become fully integrated into cellular signalling processes. Many of the mRNAs have 5’UTR sequences which confer unique trafficking and translation pathways, essentially a privileged form of molecular communication between the cell and mitochondria to control energy expenditure within the cell under a vast array of conditions. Some viruses have evolved to mimic these genetic properties to continue protein synthesis when the cell attempts to arrest translation. Truly fascinating.
knockonclouds t1_ircjkls wrote
Came here to say exactly this. Mitochondrial genes present in nuclear DNA is not new - it’s been there for a very long time people.
peolorat t1_ir9nte7 wrote
Wait, I thought our chromosomes contained the DNA to build everything in a cell, including mitochondria. Are you telling me that mitochondria is actually a separate system on the side? So how are new mitochondria produced when a cell divides?
Parazeit t1_ir9s7nu wrote
Mitochondria divide and multiply independently within a cell. When the cell undergoes mitosis, some mitochondria stay in the mother cell and some go with the daughter cell.
Arcal t1_irbo4of wrote
It's a whole separate life cycle linked, but independent. They're constantly dividing like bacteria (but in a way that's initiated by the parent cell) and fusing together. Over time, damaged mitochondria accumulate and are selectively degraded.
They (still) have their own DNA, their own DNA replication, repair, transcription and translational machinery to make proteins. Interestingly, the proteins they make start with the same amino acid that bacterial ones do, so, if you get an injury that releases a lot of mitochondria into your circulation, your immune system recognises it as an infection. This can kill you.
TheGreat_War_Machine t1_ircj6w1 wrote
Mitochondria used to be separate organisms, but were integrated into other single celled organisms to make eukaryotes. The mitochondria still have their own DNA, and that DNA is passed down during cell division.
Babies inherit the same mitochondria that their mothers have, which can be detrimental if the mother has a preexisting mitochondrial disorder.
JohnFByers t1_ir9qx7w wrote
This has been going on for 2 billion years and the existence of gene transfer from mt to nucleus isn’t the point of the article.
Since we’re talking about a process that has lasted billions of years, there’s no particular worry at this point.
Parazeit t1_ir9sc2s wrote
In some organisms the mitochondria has shifted the entirety of its genome into "host" DNA. Mitosomes and hydrogensomes are the result.
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EquivalentAd2906 t1_irctrao wrote
They performed surgery on a grape.
Storyteller-Hero t1_ircv9if wrote
This article makes me hungry for a Parasite Eve remake.
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undeterred_turtle t1_ir9q3aw wrote
The article says that nuclear DNA cannot mix with mtDNA in the mitochondria, citing the non porous double membrane. My question is then, how does the mtDNA get out? What makes it's process of escaping the mitochondria and then getting into the nucleus easier than the opposite?
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Doingmybest2019 t1_ird5zhn wrote
Isn’t this translocation?
koreanfertilityrate t1_irdd2xa wrote
There was already a PlayStation game about this decades ago called Parasite Eve.
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wazabee t1_isq8dvu wrote
I thought this was already well known? I don't understand what's new about it?
[deleted] t1_ir9m0qe wrote
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[deleted] t1_ir9kup1 wrote
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[deleted] t1_ir9oi3w wrote
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HollandJim t1_ir9gn7l wrote
Okay, I’m no scientist - what does this actually mean?