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Great read and very interesting! Thanks for the share

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For those who, like me, generally require a bit more context before clicking:

• identifying that the Dead Sea Scrolls in many collections around the world are, in fact, forgeries
• picking through recycled pottery sherds to learn about daily life in ancient Mesopotamia
• a possible non-Biblical reference to King David, potentially establishing him as an actual historical figure

It's neat stuff.

I love this perspective of his. He just wants accurate data and gives no fucks about the elimination of forgeries beyond that. In the best way possible; What an absolute legendary nerd! I love it!

>Langlois told me that he derives no pleasure from such discoveries. “My intention wasn’t to be an expert in forgeries, and I don’t love catching bad guys or something,” he told me. “But with forgeries, if you don’t pay attention, and you think they are authentic, then they become part of the data set you use to reconstruct the history of the Bible. The entire theory is then based on data that is false.” That’s why ferreting out biblical fakes is “paramount,” Langlois said. “Otherwise, everything we are going to do on the history of the Bible is corrupt.”

That was a fascinating read. Thank you! The patience necessary for their research. Blows my mind

Have they used this tech on Hieroglyphics?

That was a refreshingly good read. I want to know more!!

Absolutely fascinating!

Thanks for the read

Important to remember this applies to a portion of the Dead Sea Scrolls. (And the Essene rule foudn there is regarded by some as not the rule of th e local Essenes but of a Damascus Essene community.)

Could you please rephrase the portion in the parentheses? It’s incomprehensible as it stands. At least to me.

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Not the person you replied to but basically some people think that the Essene writings (rules) found at the site are of a smaller separate Damascus faction who called themselves Essenes but aren't actually related to the local Essene community that everyone knew.

Like it or not, Christianity has been a large influence on European/Western history and is therefore important to study how/if it changed over time and how different interpretations were used and carried into practice.

Here I am, an exhausted family man with crushing responsibilities, in a home in constant need of cleaning and tending of which I am far behind. And these little quick Reddit scrolls intended for a couple-minute mental break turn into hour-long benders into archeological studies. (sigh)

Also, this is Jewish history.

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Actually, there is a considerable amount of textual criticism that has been done with The Iliad, The Odyssey, and all the existing Ancient Greek literature—-which includes everything from Athenian politics to Zeus and the gods.

Jewish history is Christian history. The religions diverged on the basis of who the Jewish Messiah is.

Made up or not, all ancient texts tell us a lot about the people who wrote it and the world they lived in. You can take your edgy teen act to r/Atheism

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Check out the Wikipedia article for Biblical Archeology. Then compare it to, say, Mormon Archeology.

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This is going over the Dead Sea scrolls, not the Bible itself.

This comment slices deep; guess I should go unload the dishwasher now and prep the lunches for tomorrow.

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You should read up on this if you are interested. The idea that the first council of nicea chose what books were canon is a myth.

Quick edit to suggest Bart Ehrman as a good source of early Christianity and textual criticism articles

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Who knows, you might take it up more seriously in some way some day. These diversions may end up being the foundation for that.

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Is there an online source for his thoughts on Enoch? Any on his general thoughts of the Ethiopic versions in comparison?

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Are you...me?

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Here, the Bible is not used as a source for "real life events" but as a subject of study by itself.

The fact that the Bible's text evolved due to cherrypicking and modification is precisely why the "concept of forgery" is important.

History is kind of pointless when you look at something that is unchanged through time. What matters is which change happened when.

The goal is to retrace the history of what the biblical texts used to look like. And undetected forgeries undermine this work.

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No, there is no question about the legitimacy of those.

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Langlois has a youtube channel, with a couple of really interesting talks in which the techniques he uses are explained (it's in french, but you could use the subtitles plus automatic translation).

Langlois has a youtube channel, with a couple of reallyinteresting talks in which the techniques he uses are explained (it's in french, but you could use the subtitles plus automatic translation).

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Thank you.

Is king David generally thought of as not being a historical figure? Or is the only current source about King David the bible which casts doubt on the historicity of his existence?

The Jewish people weren’t great at keeping records… so a whole lot of their biblical history is historically hard to back up. For example, there’s no evidence of the Jewish flight from Egypt or there being a Hebrew slave population. The Egyptians were very good record keepers.

It's harder when the golden tablets are invisible

Would Egyptians keep records if such an embarrassing defeat, though?

Were all Egyptians losses kept on record?

A very interesting article. The story of the Mesha Stele is superb!

I study Chinese bronze and turtle inscriptions, from eras around and before this, so I appreciate the importance of good copies, down to a dot.

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I listened to a lecture once where the professor said that the Egyptians didn’t record their losses. You knew that a war was going badly when the recorded victories were becoming closer and closer to the capital.

There is an Egyptian Steele that says that the [name of what the Egyptians called the Jewish tribes] have fled from the pharaoh, sorry I can’t give more details it was mentioned in a history of the Jewish people vid I was watching on YouTube

On the contrary, there are hieroglyphic texts that are probably forgeries. A granite bowl of Horemheb published by Donald Redford is now thought to be a forgery, and the inscribed statue of Tetisheri in the British Museum is generally believed to be a forgery as well.

Most forgeries are a pastiche of genuine inscriptions, which can make them difficult to detect at first glance.

Egyptians were mostly defeated by other Egyptians, who sure af recorded their wins ;)

And . . . some other things

It used to be thought that David and Solomon were legendary figures since the only sources for them are the Old Testament (aka "except for the evidence, there is no evidence"), but then the Tel Dan stele was discovered in 1993.

The stele only exists in fragments and dates to the 9th century BC, likely erected by Hazael, King of Aram-Damascus, though the speaker is unknown. The relevant portion of the stele likely reads "I killed Jehoram, son of Ahab King of Israel, and Ahaziah, son of Jehoram King of the House of David". Jehoram and Ahaziah are referenced as kings of Judah in 2 Kings 8:16-29. Ahab is mentioned as the King of Israel in 1 Kings 16:28-29, on the Kurkh Stele documenting the Battle of Qarqar, and on the Moabite Stone.

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They weren’t exactly defeated… not in any kind of military sense. And no grain records, which we have, show the loss of 10,000 slaves. That’s what we have to work with.

Well Jewish history is of course much much older than Christian history. Some, but not very much, of Jewish history is commonly held as the foundation of Christianity.

It's also worth pointing out that Jewish history is both the history of a people and of a religion, and while they overlap a lot, the history of the people is bigger.

Christianity as most of us know it developed mostly independently of Judaism after the destruction of the temple. There was a divide that formed fairly quickly between the Jewish and gentile followers of Christ. You can see this happening in the New Testament in places like the book of James, where James is disagreeing with Paul somewhat on works vs faith. In other places you'll find Paul telling the gentile Christian that they should not be circumcised nor follow the Law because they are not Jewish. This was not a popular opinion among many Jewish followers of Jesus. The divide really takes off though when Rome starts persecuting Jews but not yet Christians, and Jewish followers of Jesus get scooped up in that, while Gentile ones likely avoided association for protection from persecution. The loss of their ties to Judaism left a huge gap in the early formation of Christian theology.. access to the texts.

Which brings us back to this article. With a more complete lens to look at the early formation of scripture (and a more generous orthodoxy to leave room for what it can teach us) students of the history of both Judaism and of Christianity will have more opportunity for growing together, as we should have been all along.

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The Hebrews didn't grow grain though (Edit: if that's what you mean by grain records. If you're talking about storage records, then even then we might not find mention of the Hebrews since they weren't involved in that either). Exodus clearly states they helped construct the store cities at Pithom and Pi-Ramses. They also likely lived at Avaris, which we know was occupied by Asiatic people before it was suddenly abandoned during the reign of Ramses II. Avaris also had an imperial palace there where Seti I lived while he was Vizier, so it's not like it was a small town. The scriptorium at Avaris was excavated and no written records were found.

There's plenty more evidence than just "grain records". Even so, most of the sources for the 19th dynasty of Egypt are inscriptions on temples, stele, and stone tablet. The climate of the capital region is simply not conducive to the long term survival of paper documents so it's not surprising that we don't find any such records.

The Pentateuch has a higher number of Egyptian loan-words than the other Levantine languages and mentions 40 place names that are specific to the 19th dynasty. This suggests that the author was more familiar with Egyptian language than people living in the Levant. Many Israelite traditions are also distinctly Egyptian such as the purification rituals, the dietary aversion to pork, and the design of ritual furniture like the Arc of the Covenant and Tabernacle.

We also have the Mernephtah Stele, which records Mernephtah's defeat of Israel in 1208 BC, the late bronze destruction of Hazor, the late bronze destruction of Jericho, and the Mt. Ebal altar, which are all consistent with the conquest of Canaan as described in Joshua. Kathleen Kenyon's middle bronze destruction doesn't fit with the text and we now know from Lorenzo Nigro's excavation that Jericho was occupied during the late bronze age before being destroyed. Kenyon's finding indicate site leveling during the Iron Age, which could be what is mentioned in 1 Kings 16:34 where Hiel of Bethel lays a new foundation and rebuilds Jericho.

Ramses II also stopped going on campaign during the later part of his reign and Egyptian influence eroded so much that the Philistines were able to move in and take over the coast. This is consistent with the loss of a major part of his chariot core as described in Exodus.

It's not conclusive, but to say there is no evidence of the Exodus basically ignores the last 50 years of scholarship.

I took a class on the archaeology of the ancient Near East in college and I remember both the professor and the text book talking about archaeological evidence that might support the exodus - or at least the movement of ancient Israelite people to Israel. But the numbers were in the low thousands, i want to say it was even under 2k. And there wasn't anything remarkable about it. I wish I remember the details, its been over two decades. But basically a couple lines in Egyptian records and then the broader archaeological evidence in the Levant.

If you’re the home team and you got completely embarrassed by the away teams God, you probably wouldn’t document it either.

Ancient cultures would intentionally leave out anything detrimental to the history of the nation.

You’re fighting a hard fight on Reddit.

And if that weren't enough, there is a ton of Semitic graffiti on the walls of mines we know were worked by slaves.

There is no historical evidence of Jews in Egypt prior to the establishment of the military outpost on Elephantine Island around 700 BCE, which was about 800 years after the last pyramid was built.

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thank you for sharing this! Really interesting; though the article is referring to more than 1 topics that are causing the need for further search

How many intact historical records do we have from that era though from any culture? Approximately 12-13th century BCE. Genuinely curious.

I got interested too. There's a pdf-link for "Le premier manuscrit du Livre d’Hénoch" scrolling down in the https://michaellanglois.org/publications/the-first-manuscript-of-the-book-of-enoch-an-epigraphical-and-philological-study-of-the-aramaic-fragments-of-4q201-from-qumran_le-premier-manuscrit-du-livre-dhenoch-etude-epigraphique-et-philologi/

Thank you!

Thank you this was really really interesting! I hope you gave some sources though.

That’s making the assumption there is a god that did something… seems more likely a tale spread around the Hebrew people to unify them against a common enemy, the Egyptians.

Exactly, wherever there is money there is always going to be forgeries. Egyptomania in the Victorian era for example drive the creation of plenty of fakes. Sometimes it wasn't even about the money, take the Piltdown Man for example, for Dawson it was just about being famous.

What a well written article. Langlois is relentless, he reminds me of legendary polymaths in his approach and work ethic. He also plays Spector basses!

Despite being Christian, I'm always a bit skeptical of any biblical scholar but this man reads like a genuine, curious nerd with education and patience to back it and turn it into something more. I like it. More people like this, please. I don't have the patience or intelligence to do it myself.

Nah. In the ancient world, if something happened, a god did it. The question on everybody's mind was "what one"? I think the point stands.

It's not an affirmative point, mind you. Just enough to level out the burden of proof a bit.

It’s only in French according to the author’s comment in 2010

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It's worse than that. What little evidence we shows reveals a nomadic tribe of Hebrews that waged war against the Egyptians. This is thought to have been the inspiration of Moses, since it's the closest thing we have to the story of exodus.

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TBF, I wouldn't expect transgenwrational slave owners to accurately record a mass exodus of slaves... It's bad for business/your way of life to write that stuff down. You can't hide something like, just down play it, and that's what it appears they did.

I'd expect them to. They'd be actively trying to make up the sudden labor shortfall, and even back then it meant a lot of business details recorded.

It’s not so much then recording the exodus, but there would be noticeable loss of labor and extra food resources for no longer owned spaces. The argument is if 10,000 slaves just got up and left there would be ripple effects through the local civilization.

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There is no evidence for the events described in Egypt in Exodus at all, none. Avaris was the Hyksos capitol, and as the Hyksos were from the Levant it is likely that they were semitic people, but there is no evidence that the Hebrew ethnicity had split off from the other Canaanites at the time of the Hyksos. Egyptian loan words makes a lot of sense, because Egyptians controlled and dominated the Levant for the vast majority of the Bronze Age, and never once noticed the Hebrew people or religion until after the Bronze Age Collapses. The people who would eventually become Hebrews likely picked up the language and customs from the empire that ruled over them and that they paid tribute to. The oldest seals for Hebrew kings use Egyptian symbolism, indicating they were still beholden to the Egyptians even into the Iron Age around 700 BCE. Arab and Aramaic peoples arrived in the Iron Age and were more influenced by Assyrian culture.

The Mernephtah Stele does not mention the defeat of Isreal, it mentions the defeat of nomadic foreign people called Isiriar, among others. This might or might not he Israel, but if so this is rhe first ever mention in all of written history of Israel or the Hebrew people. This would be the first time that anyone in Egypt, despite extensive record keeping and despite controlling all the land of Israel for thousands of years, ever mentions anyone who MIGHT be Hebrew. There is nothing at all that indicates Rameses lost his chariots or that they have anything to do with his campaigns or why he went on them.

It's not conclusive and it isn't even compelling, it's wishful thinking by people who are desperate for confirmation bias.

I'm not saying it's a purely Christian field of study. I simply mean that a lot of biblical studies I see have an agenda and are out to prove something specific, not to just validate data with an open mind like this.

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This was an excellent read. What a cool guy

Ah shoot for week be good.

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But how many losses were recorded when Egyptians lost to foreign peoples?

King Samuel's Gospel of Mary Magdalene is a modern translation available in both English and Spanish. It's a good translation with lots of insightful footnotes, as well as some artwork to raise awareness.

www.GospelMaryMagdalene.com

We do have evidence of Egyptians knowing about the people that would later be known as Jews, however, as well as their God.

We do, yes. The Mernetaph Stele mentions Israelites in Canaan. But there is no mention of an exodus of slaves or of Israelites having once been in Egypt. There were probably semitic speaking slaves in Egypt, but there is no definitive connection between these populations and the people who would become the Israelites.

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How does that work given the Egyptian's ties to their own religious beliefs? I'm not saying you're wrong, but it seems like an odd dismissal when all accounts seem to suggest the Egyptians were quite religious, and the Hebrew's God is competing.

Your phrasing seems to apply modern perspective upon ancient beliefs.

Being a bit of a Biblical scholar myself and a believer in its message, I'm both extremely interested and grateful for this work.

The entire premise of God is built around a truth claim, and posits that truth is both what leads us into being like God, but also understanding God. And regardless, I made a vow to follow the truth wherever it may lay.

My worldview has been shattered enough times now to seek out what's needed to form a better one. My hope is the others, both professional and layman people, follow this work and leverage it to improving where we stand.

The world would be a far better place if the church, religion, and all involved were not plagued by fakes, forgeries, lies, and more.

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Semitic when referring to languages includes Arabic, so not sure what your point is

I was very curious about this but everything I've found says that graffiti is proto- Arabic, not Hebrew

Egyptian Religious beliefs historically probably didn’t play in, because the history itself probably didn’t happen. The exodus from Egypt was said to be caused by god’s plagues on the Egyptians. Thay is a Hebrew myth, not an Egyptian one… Egyptian religions probably didn’t care much about other monotheistic religions of foreigners.

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A quick trip through your profile tells me that you probably learned English as a second language. That in mind, it would sound more natural to use "I wish" instead of "I hope" in this context. "I hope" is pretty strictly used for events happening in the future, but because he's already posted the text without any sources, you'd say "I wish," as that can be used for past or future events depending on the context.

Sorry if this comes off as rude, I really don't mean for it to be. It's a very minor error and any native speaker would understand what you meant, but just something to keep in mind for the future

I’m talking about the mentions of Shasu of Yhw, which some scholars belief is a direct mention of the people who worshipped.

From that we can assume there was enough interaction between Egyptians and these people. What kind of interaction isn’t mentioned.

I'm not talking about religion. & He isn't either from what I read in the article. But maybe that's just me

These scrolls & monuments & pieces of clay have humongous historical value. It's true as well that they have religious value to many but the religious part is beside the point from what I can tell

Just like we'd love to find a first edition of the first time someone wrote down the poems of Homer - in 2018 they found a clay tablet which reportedly "may be the oldest written record of Homer's epic tale, the Odyssey, ever found in Greece" which is the same kind of cool https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-44779492

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Something something absence of evidence isn't evidence of absence.

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This is a cool bit of insight. I didn’t give that any thought but when I read it, it’s auto-sorted as future tense.

That is correct, you can invent any silly story you want and pretend it is true just like people do with the Exodus myth.

I've always thought this statement is ridiculous. I could claim anything with it. Russell's teapot.

Be my guest, not sure why it should affect me ¯\_(ツ)_/¯

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Really? Nothing about the prolific Proto-Sinaitic carvings in the turquoise mines at Serâbit El-Khâdim? I mean, it's not hard to find, unless you're just not looking for it.

Adjectives aside, its explanatory power makes "pretending" a lot more like "assuming". I believe u/TamerSpoon3 already mentioned the abundance of Egyptian loanwords in the Torah but I know of no reason why events of an important story having roots in some foggy part of history should be a taboo idea.

The modern era got so enlightened that "bible bad" hardly flies anymore.

Interesting theory but it doesn't follow the theorem, evidence of absence is evidence of absence. Going by language Hebrew is West Semitic, putting the ancestral culture of both Hebrews and Arabs solidly in Eurasia when they lost mutual intelligibility.

If you're talking genetics nothing is debatable, I agree that a prehistoric Inuit man once journeyed back out of Alaska and is an ancestor to everyone alive by virtue of his genes having so long to spread around the earth.

What’s ridiculous about it?

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I don't think this is the evidence to biblical history that you think it is. Don't get me wrong, Proto-Sinaitic script has been extremely fascinating to read about, but it's importance isn't that it's the precursor to Hebrew; it's that it is a common ancestor for a lot of the European, East Asian, North African alphabets and connects them directly to Egyptian.

Basically Proto-Sinaitic when it comes to writing is an even broader term than Semitic is when it comes to language.

> Avaris was the Hyksos capitol, and as the Hyksos were from the Levant it is likely that they were semitic people,

Yes, and the Hyksos were overthrown by the Ramesside dynasty and they did their damndest to erase them from Egyptian history, hence why Exodus says a Pharaoh arose in Egypt who did not know Joseph (who would have been a Vizier under the Hyksos) and then the Hebrews became slaves.

> but there is no evidence that the Hebrew ethnicity had split off from the other Canaanites at the time of the Hyksos.

Cool, and I never said they had. Obviously they would have been as Egyptian as the Hyksos were until the Thebans took power. The previous theory was that the Hebrews split off from the Canaanites, which is laughably false. Israelite material culture is clearly distinguishable from all other Canaanite material culture and it just appears suddenly during the early Iron Age. A complete coincidence, I'm sure. It was probably just placed there by a later redactor, isn't that the typical minimalist response? When in doubt, make up another redactor.

> Egyptian loan words makes a lot of sense, because Egyptians controlled and dominated the Levant for the vast majority of the Bronze Age, and never once noticed the Hebrew people or religion until after the Bronze Age Collapses.

You missed the part where I pointed out that the percentage of loan words is much higher than literally everybody else living in the Levant, even in correspondence sent TO the Egyptians. Some languages have 0 Egyptian loan words and even later books of the OT have less than the Pentateuch. And then you get the absolutely laughable conjectures of the Documentary Hypothesis with omniscient redactors who know 19th dynasty Egyptian place names and customs that fell out of use 400 years prior but who also can't see blatant "contradictions" in the text.

Of course they wouldn't have recognized them until after the Bronze Age Collapse, since Israel didn't exist yet and Yahwehism was largely unknown prior to the Israelite adoption of it.

> The people who would eventually become Hebrews likely picked up the language and customs from the empire that ruled over them and that they paid tribute to.

Ok, so you have no clue what you're talking about. There was never an Egyptian empire. The only direct control of the Levant Egypt exercised was a few small garrison towns. That is why so many kings went on campaign to bring back tribute to Egypt and is also why Ramses II lack of campaigns after the proposed Exodus is consistent with the Exodus narrative. Even by the time of his reign Egypt was unable to oppose the incursion of the sea people, but Ramses still went on campaign. After his 25th year however, he stopped. Obviously something happened, and the loss of his chariot core could be a reason why he lacked the military strength.

> There is nothing at all that indicates Rameses lost his chariots or that they have anything to do with his campaigns or why he went on them.

Except for the Exodus account and that such a blow is an explanation for why Ramses stopped going on military expeditions as opposed to "we don't know lol, but it definitely wasn't the Exodus". Like I said in my other comment "except for the evidence, there is no evidence".

I also like how you ignored my refutation of "extensive record keeping". If they kept such extensive records, then where are they? All of our sources for the 19th dynasty are inscriptions. Those records would have been kept at Pi-Ramses and Avaris which are close to the Nile in an extremely wet environment, not in sealed jars in a cave out by the Dead Sea. There's no reason to expect that they would have survived until today, if they even existed.

What's really wishful thinking is the lengths skeptics go to to invent imaginary sources so they can cling to the dying dregs of crap 19th century German higher criticism.

> The Mernephtah Stele does not mention the defeat of Isreal, it mentions the defeat of nomadic foreign people called Isiriar, among others.

Just completely glossing over the fact that the majority of scholars agree it mentions Israel. Yeah, people didn't think it was Israel back in the 1960s.

> The oldest seals for Hebrew kings use Egyptian symbolism, indicating they were still beholden to the Egyptians even into the Iron Age around 700 BCE.

Yes, which is consistent with my position and not yours, since nobody else in the Levant did that as you go on to point out. Did you even read my comment where I said that the Israelites have much more in common with the Egyptians than anybody else living in the Levant does, even though they were all supposedly beholden to the mighty Egyptian Empire which never existed?

Do some basic reading before commenting on this again. Like I said, people spouting off this nonsense are completely ignorant of the last 50 years of Scholarship.

I have zero interest in biblical history, but you simply can't say that the people who became Hebrews were not slaves in Egypt. Not sure what your agenda is here.

If you read the bible, and then read the historical documents from other kingdoms and cultures who lived in the middle east, it becomes very clear that the bible is a combination of copied Mesopotamian myths and a fictionalized history of Iron Age Hebrews. Anyone in who reads it in the modern era can figure out its not bad, it's just like any other myth.

Ah that's what you mean. I raise you the absence-of-evidence thing again, copying is a poor explanation for a picture better fit by a common cultural context. Huge differences abound in any example you can pick, so the best assumption is that the variations are derived from older versions of the stories with different cultures remembering what they found relevant:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1SZZzuweVEs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mp3HpDOOWS8

>Yes, and the Hyksos were overthrown by the Ramesside dynasty and they did their damndest to erase them from Egyptian history, hence why Exodus says a Pharaoh arose in Egypt who did not know Joseph (who would have been a Vizier under the Hyksos) and then the Hebrews became slaves.

Good try sport, you only missed it by a few centuries and an entire dynasty. It was Ahmose I that overthrew the Hyksos. His dynasty, with pharaohs like Thutmose I and Hatshepsut and Tutankhamun, came before the Ramesside. I do appreciate your wishful thinking about your bible myths though.

>The previous theory was that the Hebrews split off from the Canaanites, which is laughably false. Israelite material culture is clearly distinguishable from all other Canaanite material culture and it just appears suddenly during the early Iron Age.

I am afraid the archeology doesn't support that. The archeology of the Hyksos areas in Egypt shows that they were similar to Canaanites, and Canaanites in the Levant worshiped Yahweh and El among their gods, and Hebrew is a Canaanite language. The consensus among scholars is that Hebrews are a branch of Canaanites, and the Hebrew religion is an offshoot of Canaanite religion. I am sure it is painful to learn this for people who are emotionally invested, but that has no bearing on the evidence.

>You missed the part where I pointed out that the percentage of loan words is much higher than literally everybody else living in the Levant, even in correspondence sent TO the Egyptians. Some languages have 0 Egyptian loan words and even later books of the OT have less than the Pentateuch.

What other languages are you talking about here? Aramaic? Greek? Arabic? I didn't consider it before because it's something that doesn't mean anything without context, which you have not provided.

>Ok, so you have no clue what you're talking about. There was never an Egyptian empire.

There can be a debate about the meaning of Empire, but in general it is a position above king, a king of kings, as the Persians would say. The first pharaoh was Narmer, who united the Upper and Lower Kingdoms of Egypt. Over the millennium the land of Egypt would fragment into smaller kingdoms and then be united again. Various pharaohs would extract tribute from and station troops in the Nubia and the Levant and Libya. If you don't understand that to be an Empire, then fine, pick a different word, but Egypt still had a massive presence in what later became, for very short periods of time, an independent Israel.

I could go on but there is a lot of reading you need to do before you can catch up. Good luck buddy. Maybe don't get your information from "Biblical Archeology", because those folks start out with the answers and try to find evidence they can force to support.

Noah is a cheap copy of the far older Akkadian Altrahas. The 8 patriarchs correspond to the 8 ancient Sumerian kings. Moses' birth story is a variation of the far older Sargon of Akkad's birth. Moses commandments are a lesser copy of the far older Hammurabi's code. Solomon is a copy of Amenhotep III. After David it might be an actual record, a very loose one with lots of embellishments and some editing of prophecies, Egyptian style. But millions of clay tablets and monument inscriptions very clearly show that Israel was a tiny political entity with little significance to the events of the wider world.

I can answer some more with this video and this one. But where does the count of 8 patriarchs come from? Or any specific resemblance between Solomon and Amenhotep? Insisting on plagiarism seems a bit cherry picked and self fulfilling.

In what way does it do that? Seems to say unless you’ve got evidence, you’ve got nothing?

I’m an overwhelmed parent/educator who should’ve been a historian. 3am is my time to indulge in Judean trivia. Also The Rest is History podcast when ironing. sigh

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> Good try sport, you only missed it by a few centuries and an entire dynasty. It was Ahmose I that overthrew the Hyksos. His dynasty, with pharaohs like Thutmose I and Hatshepsut and Tutankhamun, came before the Ramesside. I do appreciate your wishful thinking about your bible myths though.

Yes, I meant the 18th dynasty. Whatever. The point remains. Everybody knows that the Pharaoh of Exodus 1 is a composite figure and not just 1 guy. Well, maybe you don't.

> I am afraid the archeology doesn't support that. The archeology of the Hyksos areas in Egypt shows that they were similar to Canaanites, and Canaanites in the Levant worshiped Yahweh and El among their gods, and Hebrew is a Canaanite language. The consensus among scholars is that Hebrews are a branch of Canaanites, and the Hebrew religion is an offshoot of Canaanite religion. I am sure it is painful to learn this for people who are emotionally invested, but that has no bearing on the evidence.

More debunked 1960s nonsense from people who can't even read the text and more imaginary sources. Israelite sites are clearly distinguishable from Canaanite sites in the stratigraphy. This comes from the idiots who can't read Joshua properly and think the Israelites are said to have destroyed and rebuilt all of their settlements.

Joel Hoffman points out that Yahweh isn't attested anywhere other than in Israelite sources. The claim that he was worshiped by Canaanites is absolute fantasy. And you have the audacity to accuse me of "misrepresenting the evidence". You're literally just making shit up.

> What other languages are you talking about here? Aramaic? Greek? Arabic? I didn't consider it before because it's something that doesn't mean anything without context, which you have not provided.

The other Bronze age Levantine languages like Akkadian and Moabite. All of them have Egyptian loanwords and, but none have as much as are used in the Pentateuch. Later Hebrew writings don't even have that much.

> There can be a debate about the meaning of Empire, but in general it is a position above king, a king of kings, as the Persians would say. The first pharaoh was Narmer, who united the Upper and Lower Kingdoms of Egypt. Over the millennium the land of Egypt would fragment into smaller kingdoms and then be united again. Various pharaohs would extract tribute from and station troops in the Nubia and the Levant and Libya. If you don't understand that to be an Empire, then fine, pick a different word, but Egypt still had a massive presence in what later became, for very short periods of time, an independent Israel.

The point is that Egypt never ruled over it directly like you implied. No, they didn't have a "massive presence." They had influence, and even that was waning by the 19th dynasty.

> I could go on but there is a lot of reading you need to do before you can catch up. Good luck buddy. Maybe don't get your information from "Biblical Archeology", because those folks start out with the answers and try to find evidence they can force to support.

This entire field is "Biblical Archeology", idiot, since the OT is one of the largest written sources we have for the this region at this time.

But just keep sticking to your 20th century nonsense. Whatever makes you feel better.

We're done here.