Brief writeup, but it sounds like he's being prosecuted for whistleblowing on police abuses.

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If I'm trying to decide whether to read a book, I read a random page in the middle. You skip to the book's actual style.

Negative temperatures show up in systems with limited numbers of states, which rules out things with normal translational or vibrational freedom. Sometimes it happens with spin states in a magnetic field. Negative temperatures are hotter than infinite temperature, with states with more energy being more likely, where at infinite temperature all states would be equally likely. If it had unlimited energy states, it would have infinite energy, which is impossible.

Zero absolute temperature means it's in the lowest energy state, so you can't get colder. It appears in the thermodynamics as the change of the number of states with energy going as 1/T, so you can't smoothly go below zero. Lower temperatures allow more large-scale coherence, such as superfluidty and superconductivity, so at many orders of magnitude lower temperature than previously observed, it's reasonable to think new pheonomena like this might arise.

No, you'd just get hot and high pressure water until it went supercritical and there was no longer a sharp gas/water phase transition. Also, the pressure would be rapidly huge, because you're not letting the water undergo thermal expansion. Also, it would do the same thing on Earth.

A lot of recoil suppession systems direct the exhaust gasses somewhat backwards, and would work to their normal effectiveness in space. This is most common with artillery. What the gun you mentioned does is kick the back of the gun up at high frequency (and pull it down slowly) in order to attempt to keep the barrel angle from changing while shooting. This would have almost no effect on the recoil push in space.

The cold is not a huge issue. Space is an insulator, so as long as you don't leave it in space for a long time without holding it, it should be fine. Overheating would be a bigger issue, but it would still be somewhat useable. Vacuum boiloff of lubricants and degredation of explosives would be an issue, but I would think it would still be useable.

Passing along dirt cheap off-peak rates so that people actually have financial incentives to shift usage is the very last thing they'll try. In the meantime, suck some "enegy conservation interventions".